ABSTRACT
Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women. Women with PCOS have androgen excess as a defining feature. They also have increased insulin resistance and obesity, which are also risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, published data regarding PCOS as independent risk factor for NAFLD remain controversial. To determine the prevalence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in patients with PCOS, and to verify if there is a correlation between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in this population.Material & Methods:The prospective study was developed to determine the prevalence of NAFLD and MS in adult women with PCOS. Patients were admitted to the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes (BIRDEM), Dhaka, Bangladesh which treats patients with Diabetes Mellitus from all over the country Bangladesh. The study sessions were conducted from January 2020 to December 2020.Results:A total 213 patients were included and analyzed into two groups. Of these, 153 were diagnosed with PCOS, and 60 had other diagnoses. In the PCOS group, 36 (23.53%) patients had NAFLD, and 117 (76.47%) patients did not have NAFLD. From the control group, only two patients had NAFLD, and NAFLD was absent in 58 (96.67%) patients. In the control group, we found 16 (26.67%) patients with metabolic syndrome (NCEP/ATP III criteria) and 44 (73.33%) patients without metabolic syndrome (NCEP/ATP III criteria). From another perspective, describes the PCOS group, there are 68(44.44%) patients with metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria) and 85 (55.56%) patients without metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria). In the control group, we found 22 (36.67%) patients with metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria) and 38 (63.33%) patients without metabolic syndrome (IDF criteria).Conclusions:The mechanism of development of NAFLD in PCOS women is not fully known. Besides the progress in the diagnosis of NAFLD in PCOS, there is a lack of knowledge about mechanisms that lead to the development of NAFLD in PCOS. Future studies which would integrate epidemiological, clinical, and molecular investigations about NAFLD in PCOS will have a key role in the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of NAFLD in PCOS.
ABSTRACT
Background: Magnesium (Mg) is one of the dominant intracellular cations. It catalyzes more than 300 intracellular reactions and has multiple functions in areas of energy production, intracellular calcium regulation, protein synthesis and degradation, and neurotransmitter release. To estimate the prevalence of hypomagnesaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes attending a tertiary care Hospital.Material & Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out at the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes (BIRDEM), which treats patients with Diabetes Mellitus from all over the country. A total of 754 patients were included and analyzed in this study. All patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the BIRDEM during the period from the first of July 2020 to the end of June 2021 and had their serum Mg assessed were included in the study.Results:Out of 754 patients with type 2 diabetes, 150 patients (19.89%) (95% CI, 16.8%-21.4%) were hypomagnesaemic. Female gender, hypertension, statin therapy, HbA1c between 7-7.9% or ? 9% and patients with diabetes duration more than five years were independent risk factors for hypomagnesaemia. No association between hypomagnesaemia and age distribution, smoking history, neuropathy and retinopathy was found. In comparison with individuals enrolled in the National Vitamin D study, diabetic patients in this study had a much higher prevalence of hypomagnesaemia (19% vs. 0.7%) with odd’s ratio of 32 (95% CI, 21-48.2).Conclusions:The present study has shown that an apparently-healthy elderly population may have a magnesium deficiency that may need to be identified and treated for optimizing clinical care. Further multicentric studies with a greater sample size should be done in this field, which will benefit the elderly population.
ABSTRACT
Background: Hypothyroidism is the most prevalent endocrine disorder worldwide. In patients with endocrine diseases, a high prevalence of mood disorders in general and particularly major depression (MD) has been commonly found, especially in thyroid diseases. Aim of the study: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to December to estimate the prevalence of depression among hypothyroid patients in Satkhira Medical College hospital a tertiary care hospital in Satkhira, Bangladesh. A total of 115 patients were included and analyzed in this study.Material & Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of depression among hypothyroid patients in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Patients were screened for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 screening tool, obtaining their sociodemographic data, details of their thyroid function status, and other risk factors for depression. Also, used patient medical files were to get the laboratory results. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Continuous data were displayed using mean and standard deviation; categorical data were expressed in numbers and percentages. The Chi-square test was used to assess the relationship between the variables. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:This is a descriptive cross-sectional study; 115 patients were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The mean age was 42.05 ± 11.49 years, ranging from a minimum of 23 years to a maximum of 72 years. The majority of patients were females (94.78% of patients were female and 83.9% of patients were male, respectively). Two-thirds of patients were married, 76(66.09%) and 64(55.65%) carried bachelor’s or diploma degrees, and only 8(6.96) % were illiterate. More than three quarters, 81(70.43%), were non-working [Table1]. Met a higher percentage of depressed patients among those who experienced stressful life events, with no statistically significant association [Table5].Conclusion: Depression was prevalent among hypothyroid patients, and screening for depression among hypothyroid patients is recommended.